Student Students With Learning Disabilities - 784 Words

Discussion Expected Findings Students with learning disabilities often experience more motivational problems than their peers, and by teaching goal setting, students will have access to a strategy they can use to achieve greater motivation and success. The researcher expects the participants to experience increased motivation and self-efficacy, and improved performance in the areas of reading, math, and behavior after learning how to set short-term goals for themselves. If the goal setting strategy proves to be effective, the strategy will be continued beyond the time of the study. Smithson (2012) found that her student posttest scores in the area of reading increased by two points, with the greatest increase being 15 points, after students learned how to set goals for themselves. The researcher expects to see an increase in academic scores as the students progress through the study and especially hopes to see a greater increase when the students set goals compared to when they do not. Hojati and Abbasi (2013) found that students with learning disabilities have a lower level of self-efficacy than those students without learning disabilities. It is hopeful that after implementing the short-term goal setting, students will feel a greater sense of self-efficacy than they experienced at the beginning of the study. The author hopes to gain knowledge about whether the students will be more motivated to learn and perform at their highest level after settingShow MoreRelatedStudents With Disabilities With Learning Disabilities Essay2573 Words   |  11 Pages 1 Students with Disabilities Intro Robert Hansel said, ?I have a Disability yes that?s true, but all that means is I may have to take a slightly different path than you.? This is very true for the many students who are living with a disability. Every learner needs to take their own unique path to acquire the skills needed to succeed in school and in life. For students with learning disabilities, this means that they may have special accommodations to help them along the way. These accommodationsRead MoreA Student With A Learning Disability1084 Words   |  5 Pages6th grade student attending Northeast Middle School. As a result of the reevaluation conducted on December of 2015, she is currently identified as a student with a Specific Learning Disability in Basic Reading Skills, Reading Comprehension, Written Expression, Mathematics Computation, and Mathematics Problem Solving as well as a Speech and Language Impairment. Meiling receives academic support twice in a six-day cycle with the learning support teacher. Sh e is in an itinerant learning support classroomRead MoreClassroom And Student Implications : Students With Learning Disabilities964 Words   |  4 PagesClassroom/Student Implications: In the classroom, the student with learning disabilities, notably struggles with pronouncing simple words, reading, or solving math problems as their peers. The major ramification of learning disabilities is the underachievement in one or more academic skills that are shared by most students with LD, with reading as the most difficult area for students. Later, their struggling might reach a point of dropping out of school, which rate is 8% (one out five students withRead MoreTeaching And Learning For Students With Disabilities775 Words   |  4 Pages In order for students with disabilities to learn in a science classroom, there needs to be a balanced approach to learning that includes both instructed and constructed learning activities. Direct teaching and mnemonic strategies can be used in order for students to learn vocabulary and facts. Text structure comprehension and summarization strategies can be implemented to help students read science textbooks. Graphic organizers and f ramed outlines can help improve learning of abstract conceptsRead MoreLearning Disabled Students With Learning Disabilities Essay1804 Words   |  8 PagesA learning disabled student not only suffers from being below average in academics, but in many cases these students suffer with mental illnesses. Students with learning disabilities have lower self-determination in academics and struggle in post-secondary education (Jameson, 2007). Higher levels of anxiety and test taking anxiety can additionally be found in students with learning disabilities (Nelson, Lindstrom, Foels, 2015). Studies also show that students with learning disabilities have a higherRead MoreThe Learning Of Students With Severe Disabilities1123 Words   |  5 Pagesof grade level biographies adapted and read to students with severe disabilities and then using least intrusive prompts and organizers to answer comprehension questions starting with wh and sequence of the story. Previous studies used time delay and ta sk analysis to study the learning of students with severe disabilities. Para professionals showed constant time delay worked for students learning science and history. Students with severe disabilities were also taught using multiple exemplar trainingRead MoreMotivation Students With Learning Disabilities886 Words   |  4 PagesMotivation in Students with Learning Disabilities Rizka Puspitarani (3490616) What is Learning Disability? Learning disabilities (LD), or in some clinical cases called specific learning disorder, is a neurodevelopmental disorder which the individual is experiencing difficulties in learning and using academic skills (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Person with LD usually shows at least one difficulty in literacy (i.e.: inaccurate or slow and takes effort to read, difficult to understandRead MoreInclusion For Students With Learning Disabilities2259 Words   |  10 Pages[Inclusion for students with learning disabilities] [Inclusion for students with learning disabilities] 13 The Inclusion for Students with Learning Disabilities in Special Education Lehigh University Bowei Chen Many researches show that students with learning disabilities have a high rate of victimization. This paper gives few case studies about how elementary schools implement the policy and guidelines to inclusive the students with learning disabilities. The purposeRead MoreOnline Learning For Students With Disabilities948 Words   |  4 PagesThe cast website was designed to give teachers and future teachers some tools on how to better teach their students, while also promoting the use of something called the Universal Design of Learning better known as (UDL). The reason that this website is promoting the Universal Design of Learning is so that teachers can reach all of their students learning types, while only having to teach a subject one time rather than multiple times. Some other reasons why this program is important for teachersRead MoreStudents With Learning Disabilities And Learning Differences2148 Words   |  9 Pagesone will encounter many students with learning disabilities or learning differences. These things can be anything between attention deficit disorder to down syndrome. It is the teacher’s job to understand what that child is going through in order to ensure that they receive the best available education possible. Now a teacher might say, â€Å"I am not required to know how to teach special education†, which is where most of these students will be placed. But ones with minor learning differences will be seen

Self Directed, Intrinsically Motivated, Active Learning

Self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learning Learning styles come in different forms and are all correlated to match learners of certain personalities to make learning more effective. This is as a result of the need to recognize the needs of learners as well as those of teachers and at the same time appreciate that the inclusive education environment, irrespective of its merits, will present barriers for learners and for teachers. The learner can be described as an individual, a recipient of an educational system that values standards and results.(Gavin Reid) For a self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learner, the individual takes the initiative and the responsibility of the learning process. The learner selects, manages and assess their own learning activities which can be pursued at any time, in any place, through any means at any age. This type of learner being intrinsic is passion driven and by virtue of his natural behavior in engaging in any learning process, the only reward they get is the enjoyment they get fr om pursuing the learning process but not for any reward that comes from it. They are usually engaged in these processes which usually requires an application of their brains into thinking using real life and imaginary situations in discussions or problem solving. They usually exhibit initiative, independence and persistence in learning ; one who accepts responsibility for his or her own learning and views problems as challenges, notShow MoreRelatedDescribe The Essential Aspects Of A Self Directed, Intrinsically Motivated, Active Learner?888 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment Unit 4 1. Describe the essential aspects of a self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learner? To be a successful life-long learner, a student should be self-directed, intrinsically motivated and be an active learner. The essential aspects of such a student are: †¢ The student takes initiative. He/she is self-directed and does not wait for someone to start his/her studies. †¢ Is independent. The student does not rely on others and is self-reliant. †¢ Is persistent. The student believes inRead MoreEmpowering The Intrinsically Motivated Mind861 Words   |  4 Pages Empowering the Intrinsically Motivated Mind Christopher Smiga University of the People UNIV 1001 - Section T2 2015-2016 - Online Education Strategies Professor M. Alvarez, M.Ed. December 9, 2015 Abstract Incentive theories were examined to recognize how motivation benefits the self-directed learner. The purpose of this inquiry was to become familiar with intrinsic motivation and its components. The documented research includes information gathered from journals, articles, and empiricalRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Self Directed, Intrinsically Motivated, Active Learner1370 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are some important characteristics of a self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learner? To begin, I will discuss the characteristics of each of the three components. Self-directed is the first component that will be discussed. A self-directed student is self-sufficient. To gain knowledge, for example, they learn it when they desire, rather than waiting for someone to tell them so, as noted by Cobb, an avid writer of the critical role of learning in today’s world (Cobb, 2011). These studentsRead MoreDefinition Of Self Directed Learning1166 Words   |  5 Pages1a. Self-Directed Learning: This requires in-depth learning in topics or course of study without being directed by a lecturer or teacher. The self-directed learner must have integrity, self-esteem, and self-confidence in order to achieve a balance in learning and understanding what is learned with a view to putting down words in writing or in research to the understanding of the targeted audience to which the paper was written. It involves taking initiative, independence mindset, and persistenceRead MoreThe Successful Self Directed Learner927 Words   |  4 Pagesessential aspects of a self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learner include the following. a. That learner is a person who takes the initiative for her learning. That means that the self-directed learner does not wait for the teacher to tell her to complete the assignment but does it before the assignment is due. And if there are missed assignments, the self-directed leaner accepts responsibility and does not lame others or situations. b. The successful self-directed learner sets a personalRead MoreEssential Aspects Of A Self Directed740 Words   |  3 Pages1. Essential aspects of a self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learner. I have been in IT for a long time and being a self learner really helps especially when you are in a small and learning and problem solving are key to getting the job done. Here are the essential aspects of a self-drectored intrinsically motivated active learner. Takes initiative - Always pre-empts what needs to be learnt and does not need someone to push them in the right direction and make them start doing somethingRead MoreA Self Directed Learner Is A Successful Student1598 Words   |  7 PagesA self-directed learner is a student who takes ownership of his/her learning and knows what is at stake to learn. A self-directed learner does not need to be instructed to study. A self-directed learner is time concious in delivering assignments. A self-directed learner is a responsible student, matured and takes charge of learning. Intrinsically motivated learner is a student who have the zeal and motivation to learn. The intrinsically motivated student have the passion to learn and the motivationRead MoreDr. Demmings Great Advice1135 Words   |  5 Pagesof a self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learner? A student who is a self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learner will own their goals, setting their goals based on their specific needs, wants, and abilities. They will watch to ensure that their goals are being met. The methods used by the active learner to achieve his/her goals will change depending on the opportunities and challenges encountered over time, but the core goals should stay the same. Otherwise, the active learnerRead MoreSelf-Directed Learning1105 Words   |  5 Pages1. Describe the essential aspects of self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learner? We are able to begin to develop abilities in self-directed-studying during our first-year in the college, to be an effective student. We will be spending a considerable time getting information and learning the continuous creation of new information, new skills due to the fast pace of change in culture and technology, and an access to info. Much with this learning will happen at our own initiative. We asRead MoreOnline Learning Is Not An Option989 Words   |  4 PagesLearning in the here and now is much different from the time that I was 1st in school than college. Online was not an option or even thought of at that time. Computers were still bulky and nowhere near portable. Online learning is almost like trying to go to college in a different country, or so I would think. It requires that a student possesses or at least learns quite a few different skills to be successful. The type of student that would probably have the most success would be a self-directed

The Role of Sleep in Learning and Memory. Free Essays

Students tend to overload themselves by overnight study to memorize all the study material. However, most of them do not realize that we will have a better result by an adequate sleep than having a three hour sleep before an exam to memorize all the material. This restless lifestyle will significantly reduce health level and in fact reduces our memory consolidation and opportunity to use our unconscious mind to improve the skill that we learn. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Sleep in Learning and Memory. or any similar topic only for you Order Now This theory was first introduced by Muller and Pilzecker about 100 years ago. They made a hypothesis that memory consolidation is time dependent and require regulating from our brain cell which leads to further development in memory consolidation theory nowadays. (McGaugn, 2000. ) According to â€Å"Neurology board review: An illustrated study guide. † written by Professor Mowzoon, sleep is divided into 2 main types, which is non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). NREM sleep occur seventy five percent of our sleep and REM sleep only occur for twenty five percent of our sleep. NREM sleep can divide into 4 stages. Stage 1 happens when we are between being awake and asleep. Stage 2 occurs at the beginning of sleep; brain will produce periodic brain wave activity known as sleep spindles that can relax our body muscle and heart rate. Stage 3 and 4 take place in deep sleep. In these stages, our body tissue cultivates and repairs. Lastly, stage 5 of the sleep is involved in REM sleep where most dreaming occurs. In REM sleep, brain and other parts of our body becomes more active but muscles remain in a lessen state. (Mowzoon, 2007) A journal article â€Å"Sleep dependent memory consolidation† from Nature precisely categorizes sleep stages and memory. There are several type of memories but commonly they are divided into declarative memories which we can recall in our mind and non-declarative memory where normally used without conscious. The term memory consolidation is referring to memory stabilization, where memories become more resistible to interference. Several studies show that certain memories are consolidation through REM sleep as complex cognitive procedural learning take place. Procedural memory and spatial memory are greatly improved in REM sleep, where both these memories help to recording information and how to get things done. Motor skills like dancing, would advance while we are in REM sleep. Positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging has demonstrated that the night after training, region that is active during task performance is reactivated during REM sleep. Besides, even event related potentials shows that high temporal resolution of brain processing in the period of REM sleep. (Stickgold, 2005)The result shows that REM sleep and memory consolidation are highly positive correlated, as a REM-rich periods person will be 3 times more likely to improve in certain skill than a sleep deprivation person. Endogenously, Nature NeuroScience did an electrophysiological reading between hippocampus and neocortex respond to episodic and semantic memories. Episodic memory is memories that involve emotion, while semantic memory refers to factual information and knowledge. Both of these memories are categorized in declaration memory. In the experiment, a group of people were given some task and simulating the learning multiple times. After that, subjects are given 2 detail fMRI scan that one is scheduled directly after the learning session and another scan 48hours later. The result shows that there is an increase in functional connectivity over time between hippocampus and medical prefrontal cortex in the first scan is lower than second scan. Subject remember more detailed and perform better after a good night sleep. Therefore learning is highly influence by the successively of reactivation between hippocampal and prefrontal network during our sleeping cycle. (Peyrache, 2009) In addition, the journal of Science written by Maquet, show that sleep has been occupied that plastic cerebral change due to fresh memory and learning. The recurrence of neuronal bonds during sleep is proven by a few experiments. The neural activity is further shown in walking behavior seems to be reestablished during sleep. The reactivation will increase the intercellular connection strength between the element of network and incorporation of the new experience into long term memory. (Maquet, 2001) Both of this experiment proven that REM sleep has great effect to memory consolidation and learning. Exogenously, sleep is also illustrated to be obliging in memory consolidation and learning. Practice is not the only way to attainment all skill, performance could be improve between learning period and not within it. Explicit skill where we learn it intentionally is sleep-dependent. From an experiment from journal of Current Biology, offline skill improvement can only observed within 12 hours including sleep. The result show that implicit skill might improve due to time but explicit skill is positive correlated to sleep. When we are fully conscious of learning a new thing, the improvement of skill without practice is totally reliant on sleep. Robertson, 2004) Moreover, BBC news reported that in United Kingdom, a group of adult was given a task and for the group who were sent to sleep did better than those who carried on without sleep. Dr Matthew Walker mentions that â€Å"Sleep not only rights the wrong of prolonged wakefulness, but at neurocognitive level, it moves you beyond where you were before you took a nap†. This supplementary enhances the theory that, sleep will improve memory consolidation and learning. (BBC, 2010) As a college student, I fully understand that weighty academic course loads leads to sleep deprivation, but a good sleeping cycle will helps to boost up our academic result. Even though sleep helps to improve our academic, we still have to put in the same effort in our daily life to maintain and improve our result. References: Mowzoon, N. , M. D. , Flemming, K. , D. (2007). Neurology board review: An illustrated study guide. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Stickgold, R. (2005). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature, 437(7063), 1272-1278. Peyrache, A. , Khamassi, M. , Benchenane, K. , Wiener, S. , I. , Battaglia, F. , P. (2009). â€Å"Reply of rule-learning related neural patterns in the prefrontal cortex during sleep. † Nature NeuroScience, 12(7), 919-926. Doi:10. 1038/nn. 2337 Maquet, P. (2001) The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science, 294(5544), 1048-1052. DOI:  10. 1126/science. 1062856 McGaugh, J. , L. (2000). Memory – A century of consolidation. Science, 287(5451), 248-251. DOI:10. 1126/science. 287. 5451. 248 â€Å"Nap ‘boosts’ brain learning power. BBC News 21 February 2010. Retrieved from: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/health/8524549. stm. Robertson, E. M. ; Pascual-Leone, A. ; Press, D. Z. (2004). â€Å"A wareness modifies the skill-learning benefits of sleep†. Current Biology. 14(3): 208–212. DOI:10. 1016/j. cub. 2004. 01. 027 Wamsley, E. , J. , Tucker, M. , Payne, J. D. , Benavides, J. , A. , amp; Stickgold, R. (2010). Dreaming of a learning task I associated with enhanced sleep dependent memory consolidation. Current Biology, 20(9), 850-855. DOI: 10. 1016/j. cub. 2010. 03. 027 How to cite The Role of Sleep in Learning and Memory., Essays

Drug Abuse in Society

Question: Write an essay on drug abuse and its connection with several social problems? Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about drug abuse and its connection with several social problems. The report will throw light on the social and economic impact of drug abuse from a global perspective and also the analysis of the report will highlight and suggest how these problems of drug abuse can be prevented or controlled in more constructive manner. Drug abuse in society There is a major increase in illicit drug and various social problems are the direct result of these issues (Black, 2013). The reasons of these issues are clear which can be seen in many cases like there is a rapid change in the many alignments as far as politics are concerned. Then there is a problem of reduced family or even society cohesiveness at large. There are a number of cases of unemployment or problems like marginalisation or increase in the number of crime are some of the problems from drug abuse (Black, 2013). It is a time when people are well aware of their surrounding on an international level and there are some drastic changes and improvement in the many sectors like telecommunication or the standard of living of the people are increasing (Hanson et al., 2013). There are also some changes in the social and political environment and there is constant tension in the political environment these days. The level of investment has expanded and, as a result, many developed and developing countries are benefitting from this a lot (Hanson et al., 2013). People, products or service and capital can easily cross-border and can be sent to any part of the world very easily these days (Hanson et al., 2013). The same environment which is becoming a boon for many economies are also encouraging or giving the opportunity to many drug producers and traffickers to spread on an international level (Elliott et al., 2012). These producers can easily manufacture drugs in many developing countries and then sell it to different parts of the world. These people can move kilos of drugs easily from one country to another and also invest their huge profit in various financial centres and also get attractive returns (Elliott et al., 2012). These same developments in the technology and standard of living have allowed this kind of business to move money in all over the world (Elliott et al., 2012). However, the hazardous impact of drug abuse can be clearly seen in the society and countries are coming together to deal with this serious problem in a more constructive manner (Mooney et al., 2014). There are a number of a study which shows a trend in usage of drugs and also massive abuse. Many of these reports are rather disappointing and a matter of a great worry for all countries across the world (Mooney et al., 2014). In fact, the data provided by these report is not the correct reflection since there are many cases which go unreported. According to report, there are very few countries that report the data or keep a tap on the number of drug addict in the country (Mooney et al., 2014). Conclusion Today awareness from the problem of drug abuse can be clearly seen by people (Mooney et al., 2014). There are a number of organisation that are working towards its awareness and also helping people who became the victim of drug abuse through one or the other way (Mooney et al., 2014). Still to translate this awareness and little efforts by some of the organisations still need a proper and constructive action plan to deal with this major challenge (Mooney et al., 2014). Reference Black, C. (2013).It will never happen to me: Growing up with addiction as youngsters, adolescents, adults. Hazelden Publishing. Hanson, C. L., Cannon, B., Burton, S., Giraud-Carrier, C. (2013). An exploration of social circles and prescription drug abuse through Twitter.Journal of medical Internet research,15(9). Elliott, D.S., Huizinga, D. and Menard, S., (2012).Multiple problem youth: Delinquency, substance use, and mental health problems. Springer Science Business Media. Mooney, L., Knox, D. and Schacht, C., (2014).Understanding social problems. Cengage Learning.

A guide to health and safety for small manufacturing businesses

Introduction Small businesses have become a major sector in the economy of many countries in the world. Currently, small manufacturing industries with less than 100 employees offer bigger employment opportunities to the residents than any other sector. Many employees in these small manufacturing businesses encounter various work related injuries and other illnesses as compared with employees in larger businesses.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on A guide to health and safety for small manufacturing businesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At times, fatal accidents occur resulting into lose of lives. The government has set up various requirements which must be met to ensure the health and safety of all the workers in the small and large manufacturing industries is maintained. Health inspectors conduct routine inspections on these industries to ensure safety standards and regulations are met and followed at all t imes. In addition, employees also have the right to ensure compliance with the regulations by the industries before signing contracts to work with them. A Kent industry is a small manufacturing business started in 1997. It specializes in the manufacture of cooking oils, soaps and various detergents. This industry has successfully continued in outdoing its competitors and has 110 employees in total. In the current financial year, it has recorded a profit of one million pounds before tax. Lately, Kent industry has reported an increased number of accidents and work related illnesses which decreases its productivity. This project is intended to review the health and safety standards undertaken by the industry and give relevant recommendation on improvement to reduce the number of accidents. Objectives The specific objectives of the project include the following; To determine the safety and health systems in place at the industry To assess the major causes of accidents and the emergency care procedures in place at the industry To assess the condition of the working environment for compliance with health and safety standards To determine the working condition of the equipments and machines at the industry To recommend an effective strategy for improvement of health and safety of all workers Literature review The occurrence of accidents in work places is dependent on behavioral characteristics of the employees and also the quality and condition of their working environment. According to Brosseau and Yahui (2005, p. 20), not much is known on the determinants influencing the owners intentions accorded to safety and health at the work places. These researchers found out that positive attitude towards safety by owners of small businesses makes the employees healthier and thus their productivity at work is improved. Many of the accidents occurring in small factories occur due to lack of following the proper procedures which ensure safe work by the employees who are igno rant of the procedures (Gardner et al., 1999, p. 6). Also, the machines in use may not be guarded sufficiently and thus the employees accidentally encounters with the machines causing physical injuries.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the condition and design of machines will also be determinant in the number of accidents caused. If a machine is in bad condition, it is liable to cause more accidents than one which is in good condition. Many small industries due to their capital base have inadequate resources that are essential to increase levels of safety. This includes human resource, technical resources and economic resources. Thus, they employ few workers who are overworked leading to fatigue which can contribute to injuries at the workplace. Their technological resources are also less compared to large enterprises which have access to modern technology in t erms of machines and also human resources. According to Champoux and Brun (2002, p. 306), the health and safety methods formulated for large industries cannot be directly applied to smaller industries. Methodology The project will employ qualitative methodology to meet the objectives of the study. A qualitative study deals more with theoretical analysis of data, but does not pay more attention to the quantities of samples and data. Study design An evaluative case study approach was settled at in this project. A case study method is used by researchers to learn about a complex situation based on the objectives and the hypothesis of the study. A researcher has an understanding of that particular instance and intends to provide comprehensive analysis and description of that situation basing it on one particular area. Evaluative case studies are essential where broad and to some extent complex questions are to be answered. In this case, issues pertaining to health and safety in workplac es will be tackled. It also provides solutions for difficult circumstances during the research work. Basing on qualitative approaches, case studies allows for investigation of a real intervention by focusing on the reasons that caused a certain intervention to succeed or fail. This study will focus on health and safety interventions available at Kent industries. Data collection The following data collection tools will be employed to meet the objectives of the projectAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on A guide to health and safety for small manufacturing businesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Questionnaires The research questions to be used will be based on an in-depth evaluation of the research objectives and the targeted industry which is Kent Industries. Open ended questions will be used to give a chance for respondents who will be employees of the industry to give personal opinions about health and safety. Random sampling method will be greatly employed owing to its effectiveness in eliminating bias and that it offers a better representation of the population. In this effect, the questionnaires sent to employees of the industry and management staff will be distributed to them randomly. Secondary data To further supplement these questionnaires, the researcher will utilize other online journals, books, written articles and magazines on health and safety issues in the process of collecting data (Rigas, 2001, p. 56). The choice of this method will be based on the fact that through it the researcher will be able to link theoretical perspectives with research purposes, and that the data to be collected will elicit the findings of the analysis (Greengard, 1999, 8). Sample size and the sampling strategies Purposive sampling strategy will be employed in identifying the sample population which is all employees of Kent industry. Hence, in the final synthesis as well as data collection sampling, the researcher will divide sample population into different subgroups to simplify the sampling process. Moreover, random sampling will be made use of tremendously, because of its effectiveness and efficiency, in addition to its superiority in obtaining sample from population (Preston, 2008, p. 150). Furthermore, due to the significance of this research, the research intends to adopt stratified sampling technique, though in rare occasions, so that enough samples are used and classified in vital variables. Moreover, the main reason for the adoption of stratified sampling will be aimed at ensuring that sub-groups are included in the sample, without being omitted based on the assumption of concept of representation. As a result, the researcher will be able to foster the representativeness of samples no matter the quantity of the sample, thus obtaining better estimates of the overall population. Data analysis and presentation Raw data will be coded and then analyzed using descriptive st atistical measures such as ratios and percentages. The result will then be presented in form of text, tables, graphs and pie charts.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Brosseau, L. and Yahui Li, S. (2005) Small business owners’ health and safety intentions: A cross-sectional survey. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 4 (23), 4-23. Champoux, D. and Brun, J. (2002) Occupational Health and Safety management in small size enterprises: an overview of the situation and avenues for intervention and research. Safety Science, 41 (4), 301-318. Gardner, D. et al. (1999) Mechanical equipment injuries in small manufacturing businesses. Safety Science, 33 (1-2), 1-12. Greengard, S. (1999) Putting HR software to work: human resources management.  Workforce, 78 (9), 4-8. Preston, L. (1986) Business and public policy. Journal of Management, 12 (5), 261–275. Rigas, D. (2001) The Business of Airline, The Twenty First Century. England. New York, Routledge. This report on A guide to health and safety for small manufacturing businesses was written and submitted by user Fisher Sweet to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

12 Words with -join

12 Words with -join 12 Words with -join 12 Words with -join By Mark Nichol The root word join is the basis of a small group of words with some sense pertaining to unity, though many originally had a legal connotation (and some still do). Here are those words and their definitions. Join itself stems from the Latin word iungere, meaning â€Å"join together,† â€Å"unite,† or â€Å"yoke.† (In Latin, i could be pronounced as a vowel or a consonant; the latter sound was equivalent to y, which came to be pronounced like j in English.) Joint originally referred to a part of the body where two bones meet; this sense was later extended to any connecting point and to a cut of meat. Joint, as a slang term for a marijuana cigarette, might derive from the fact that it is often shared, but alternatively, it may be borrowed from earlier use of the term to describe a drug syringe, though the origin of that usage is obscure. The meaning of joint as a physical location where people met, initially in the sense of a disreputable establishment, probably derived from the idea of a smaller chamber adjoining a main room, where secret meetings, perhaps involving illegal activity, could be held. (This illicit sense probably inspired the use of joint as slang for jail or prison.) The adjectival sense of joint, meaning â€Å"sharing† or â€Å"united,† developed from the noun. Something disjointed lacks order and organization; the verb form disjoint is obsolete except in the mathematical sense of having no elements in common. A joiner is a carpenter who specializes in intricate woodworking, often involving joining pieces of wood to create boxes or furniture. The word also denotes someone with a proclivity for becoming a member of clubs or other organizations. Joinder is a word essentially confined to legal usage to refer to an act of joining together; it is also a rarely used synonym for the grammatical term conjunction. However, rejoinder, originally referring to a defendant’s answer to a charge, acquired a broader sense of a response, with the connotation of an angry reply to a critical comment. (Rejoin itself, which now means â€Å"reunite,† originally connoted a response in legal proceedings.) The similar-sounding jointure refers to a joint or an act of joining, although it is mostly used in the legal sense of settlement of an estate. Adjoin originally meant â€Å"ally† or â€Å"unite,† but the later sense of â€Å"be adjacent to† became predominant; the adjectival form is adjoining. To enjoin, usually used in a legal context, is to require or prohibit. Conjoin, meaning â€Å"come together,† is most frequently seen in its adjectival form in the phrase â€Å"conjoined twins,† referring to twins whose bodies are partially combined; conjoint is the basic adjectival form. Subjoin, meanwhile, means â€Å"add† or â€Å"append.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesHomogeneous vs. HeterogeneousEach vs. Both

Small Business Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Small Business Enterprise - Essay Example keeps the organisation tightly controlled by the family members and related investors without worry of missing payments to different lending institutions. Little Yang Sing does not have a broad menu or is the dà ©cor overly fashionable, it is more of a casual restaurant that provides quality Asian-inspired food to many different demographics. The business’ greatest strengths lie in marketing and human resources, especially in areas of recruitment and satisfying workers at the motivational level. This report discusses the strengths of the business’ marketing approach and how it has developed a better small business human resources system to gain better employees. The information gathered for this report came from secondary research and primary research in the form of a telephone interview conducted with a silent investor involved with the launch and operations of Little Yang Sing. It should be noted that Little Yang Sing has only six employees, including ownership that is active in the day-to-day operations of the company in order to save costs on payroll. There are 441,200 people in the Manchester region who are able to support the ongoing operations and profit expectations for the Little Yang Sing restaurant (tripatlas.com, 2009). However, in the warmer climate months, Manchester supports many world-renowned events and foods festivals which bring many different domestic and international customers into the Manchester area. This gives opportunities for Little Yang Sing to, literally, promote itself to millions of potential customers during the tourist season. Of the 441,200 people in the area, 81 percent are of white ethnicity, with only an additional nine percent being of Asian culture (statistics.gov.uk, 2009). This means that Little Yang Sing must consider how to market its rather limited menu to people who are not of Asian descent, therefore this small business must consider the demographic trends of the high white population in order to create marketing

Primary Influences on Individual Behavior and How Motivation can be Essay

Primary Influences on Individual Behavior and How Motivation can be used to Influence Others - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that influences on human behavior are caused by several factors. Social, cultural, religious and environmental factors are some of the factors that influence individual behavior. Social factors may be influential on human behavior where such aspects like peer groups, family, and other social groups may shape the behavior of an individual. An individual can also be influenced by environmental factors such as trends in one’s life such as demographic factors, abilities, and skills, perception and attitudes. Cultural factors like values, customs, and beliefs can influence the behavior of a person in a society. Religious factors are some of the most effective influential ways to human behaviors. Further, behavior can also be influenced by motivation where it can be used to drive human actions. This paper aims at outlining the primary influences on individual behavior while analyzing how these influences affect the behavior of an individua l. It will also focus on discussing how an individual’s behavior can be influenced by motivation. Behavior refers to how a human conducts himself or how he acts especially to others or to the environment. Behavior is largely influenced by a response to internal or external stimuli thus causing a reaction on someone. An individual can react to various responses to stimuli depending on various influential factors. Social factors are well known to influence the behavior of an individual. Social factors involve actions that are adopted by a person in relation to influencing he gets from other people. An individual can develop a behavior in relation to influences from others that affect his emotions, character or opinions. The aspect of social influence comes from people that surround the life of an individual. Family, workmates, peer groups or the community living within the neighborhood can influence the behavior of an individual in many ways. The influence that comes through so cial factors may be based on forms like, leadership, peer pressure, persuasion, conformity, obedience, socialization or sales activities. An individual is likely to adopt a certain behavior following factors such as peer influence where one may develop a positive or negative attitude towards his parents. Further, conformity or obedience is the form of social influence brought about by socialization with such people like parents, relatives or seniors in the society such as teachers.

Firewalls and Proxy Servers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Firewalls and Proxy Servers - Essay Example A recent change in leadership has influenced a change in this way of thinking. The ICT Department has been authorized to implement a more effective and efficient network defense system. It is, thus, that we are moving towards the adoption of a Stego defense system. Steganography, also called data hiding, is the art of hiding a covert (hidden) message within an overt file. Steganography can be described as a method to conceal the existence of a message within seemingly innocent material. To perform steganography, two willing parties are necessary. The sender embeds a covert message within an overt file and sends it to the receiver, who extracts the covert message. The goal of steganography is to hide as much information as possible without it being detected (Judge, 2001). The goal of stego-marking is to embed information in a way that prevents the information from being detected or removed. Stego-marking combines the key qualities of both steganography and digital watermarking (Judge, 2001). Our organization employs both hardware and software firewalls and any solution for enhancing the defense of our network system, or protecting us from the Internet's hostile environment, will operate in conjunction with our firewall system. At the present moment, we are involved in the implementation of a Stego system to operate in conjunction with our firewall system. In order to better understand how the one will compliment and enhance the other, it is necessary that I overview our operative firewall system. A firewall is a device that sits between two networks, usually the Internet and a corporate network. A firewall drops or allows the passing of packets based on certain conditions (Strassberg, Rollie, and Gondek, 2002). The filtering done by a firewall is usually based on one of the following: - An IP address that is taken from the IP header - A port number that is taken from the TCP or UDP header Some firewalls can filter packets according to application data, but most firewalls are not scaled for such filtering (Strassberg, Rollie, and Gondek, 2002). Our firewall system is not scaled for such filtering. Although firewalls are the main attack prevention device in use today, they can only filter packets at a high level. Firewalls cannot filter packets according to specific types of information in the packets. Firewalls use certain fields, such as IP addresses and port numbers, to determine if a packet should be filtered. These fields are used because they are the only fields considered useful for identifying and preventing attacks (Strassberg, Rollie, and Gondek, 2002). Ours is a packet-filtering firewall system. It has prevented countless intrusion attempts and attacks through the said filtering but, not all. Indeed, the failure of our firewall system to protect us from worm and virus attacks has, over the years, cost us over two hundred thousand dollars.By complimenting our firewall with a Stego system, our firewall can be used to filter packets based on data in other fields, such as the TCP and IP headers, when stego-marking is used to hide data in those fields. 2.2 Stego-Marking The figure below depicts our network structure. The public network, or Internet, is shown in red. The semi-public network is shown in yellow. This network contains systems that must be accessible to the Internet. The internal or private network is shown

Operations Management in Action: Kier Group Plc Analysis

Operations Management in Action: Kier Group Plc Analysis Operations Management in Action For this assignment we have been asked to research the Industry sector, choose a business within that sector, and then analyse and evaluate the business we have chosen from an operations manager point of view. First we must know what the Industry sector is. According to oxford dictionary the word industry means ‘Economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods’ (Oxford Dictionary. 2014).This means that the industry sector have businesses within it that deal with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods. This is also called the secondary sector or manufacturing sector. In 2009 the UK manufacturing sector generated  £140bn in revenue this is 11% of the UK total economy. This sector also employed 2.6 million people which equals out to be 8% of the UK workforce. The whole sector itself is spilt up into 14 different industries by the government which include textiles and chemicals (BIS. 2010). The business I have chosen is Kier Group plc. The reason that Kier Group plc fit within the Industry sector/secondary sector is because this is a construction firm that deals with turning raw materials in a finished products i.e. turning bricks into buildings. Kier Group plc offers their services to the public and private sectors, these services include ‘civil engineering, mining, mechanical electrical design and installation†¦ and 3D modeling’ (Kier Construction. 2014). An example of public sector customer would be the Northampton Borough Council in creating their new  £7 million North Gate Bus Station (Northampton Chronicle Echo. 2014). An example of a private sector customer would be Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd, as Kier Group plc did the King’s Cross Station roof refurbishment (Kier Group. 2013). Kier Group plc’s clients are often other business or large public bodies such as Councils due to their ability and proven track record with multi-million pound contracts that they are asked to do or win the contracts against other competitors such as Balfour Beatty PLC. Kier Group plc operate on a global scale however some parts within Kier Group plc work within the U.K. Any organisation can be shown as multiple of input/output diagrams in a hierarchy format. At the bottom of this hierarchy would be the customer’s needs being transformed into consumer satisfaction (Muhlemann, A. Oakland, J. Lockyer, K. 1993). As every business is made with the customer in mind even if the businesses overall goal could be to maximise profits they still need the customer. However other input/output diagrams in the hierarchy differ from business to business. As a car mechanic shop wouldn’t use the same ways to satisfy consumers as a bridal dress shop would. As Kier Group plc deals with construction it has a specific inputs and outputs. Five inputs of Kier Group plc would be skilled labour, high quality equipment, energy, building materials, and basic project designs. Three outputs of the company would be buildings, infrastructure, and recycled materials. Skilled labour is an input for Kier Group plc because to be able operate as a building business they would need skilled labour. This is because the jobs that the business could be doing may have a high risk of doing lots of damage not just money’s terms but in personnel terms as well. This would also be beneficial to the business as it could lead to being more productive due to the skilled labour however it would be costly hiring someone that’s highly skilled or even over skilled for the job rather than someone who could just about do the job. But in the company’s overview they want to offer clients ‘world-class solutions’ (Kier Group. 2014)which suggests that the highly skilled labour would be used. High quality equipment is would be a specific input for Kier Group plc due to the nature of the job that the business gets inquired about. These can be very complex jobs such as the Kings Cross Station roof refurbishment. Not only did they refurbish an iconic building roof, the station had to stay open with thousands of people walking underneath the building work. This shows the high quality equipment would be needed as an input. The reason that energy is needed as an input as the business would be using computers to design projects and also it would be needed to power equipment on site. It is a needed input in this business. Building materials are a vital input to the business as they are needed to get to the final product. Without these, the business would not be able to run as a construction business. Kier Group plc need to start from a basic project design to be able to make what the customer want like the business to make. That’s is why basic project designs is a needed input for the business. As Kier Group plc have architects that would design the final product from these basic project designs whether it would be a finish building or a new part for railways. A specific output for Kier Group plc would be buildings as this is the main product/good that the business produces. They way in which this would be produced from inputs would be via project process. Project production is a type of production that has low volume of products but high variety between each one. This means that each new project would be different from the last using different materials with different quantities. They also have to be made in a fix location which is one of the classifications of a project production. During the production of each building uses a mixed process technology it uses manual and mechanised. This means that during the production of each building there are parts which are done via hand with no machinery and there are parts where machinery is utilised but under the control of humans (Evens, J. 1993). Infrastructure in another output of Kier Group plc as it doesn’t only make buildings it also builds roads, railway parts and much more which is a vital part in the UK’s infrastructure. These would also be produced in a project production as each part of infrastructure they make would be different from another part. One other output the Kier Group plc produces are recycled materials. Kier Group plc has a recycling service which is used in many counties. Recycled materials go through many processes. It is made via continuous flow production as it has a high product volume, there’s some although not much product variety. During the processes the recycled material goes though there are a high number of automated and specialised equipment that does a large amount of the work. There is also labour that take out any rubbish that can’t be recycled or shouldn’t be in that particular recycling line this doesn’t require high skills. The reason that it is not a Mass production is that there isn’t any variety between each product at the end (Evens, J. 1993). The demand for the products and services the Kier Group plc produce usually depend on the economic state of the country but there are also other factors the affect the demand for the business. These factors include: globalisation, demand for more sustainable construction, demographic changes and increasing importance for technology use in construction. The demand for the products and services that Kier Group plc produce usually depend on the economic state of the country but there are also other factors the affect the demand for the business. These factors include: globalisation, demand for more sustainable construction, demographic changes and increasing importance for technology use in construction. The reason that the state of the economy affects the demand for Kier Group plc’s products and services is because buildings and infrastructure is capital which helps boost long term growth. These are the first things that are cut if the economy was to go into decline. When the recession hit in 2008 according to House of Commons there was a fall by 6.2% in gross value added for the construction industry, followed by a 7.9% fall in GVA, then an increase by 1.1% in 2011, and then followed by a 6.0% drop in GVA during the double dip recession (Rhodes, C. 2013). This data shows there is a correlation between the construction industry including Kier Group plc and the state of the economy. The demand for more sustainable construction also impacts the stability of the demand of Kier Group plc’s products and services because if the business doesn’t offer the right amount of sustainable construction or by offering ‘green’ alternatives they may lose customers and clients. As new legislation is soon to be coming into action due to the UK’s recent air pollution issues this would mean a possible overhaul of more carbon producing processes. However to overcome this Kier Group plc currently generates 10% of its revenue by using recycled material, low energy alternatives and more sustainable materials (Fry, C. 2014) Every business needs demand to be able to sell its good and/or services however you need to be able to have enough capacity to meet this demand. Capacity planning is vital in operations strategies. Capacity is best when it around 75-90% utilised. Having capacity between these levels means that you should still be able to cope with new clients without having to turn larger clients down and also you won’t be running with excess capacity. Excess capacity is a large cost on businesses and may lead to layoffs and department closures (Hill, T. 1991) There are 3 different strategies that a business can use to plan capacity to meet demand. These policies are: Matching Capacity with Demand, Excess Capacity, and Capacity Shortage Policy. Matching capacity with demand means that the business tries to keep as close to demand as they possibly can. This policy means that it sometimes has excess capacity in which it has the ability to get more clients or customers. However it also means there is a shortage of capacity. During these times a business would have to subcontract out work to get a short term increased capacity or they would lose sales this could come from poor quality of work from being rushed to compete work. A Capacity Shortage Policy is when there is a gap between the demand and the capacity where demand is always higher than capacity. As there is a high capacity utilisation this means there is a strong return on investment. This type of policy is usually best for goods or services that usually relate to status or are in fashion. This would mean that there is a high capacity utilisation which in turn leads to a strong return on investment. For example the iPhone 4 White. When it came out it was being sold quicker than it was being made. The way that Kier Group plc plan their capacity is by a strategy called Excess Capacity Policy (Fry, Colin. 2014). This policy means that the business has a goal of maintaining enough capacity to be able to meet with demand or to reduce the chance of not meeting demand. Although this policy can lead to higher costs than the other two polices it is the best policy for this business. This is because the business does not know if they are going to win a bid for a client so there needs to be spare capacity in case they do win the bid. As large construction businesses get invited to present their bid on large projects so the business always need to be prepared for these invites. Kier Group plc could better utilise operations management to counter some of the challenges that it has in the ever changing market place. It could utilise Lean Operations more this is because there is going to be more legislation regarding reducing waste and carbon footprint. It’s better to be proactive to changes in legislation than to be reactive as it shows the business has a strong CSR which customers and clients look for. Lean Operations is minimising the amount of waste there is in order to operate quicker, produce higher quality work and also to operate at low costs. The reason that lean operation is suited for Kier Group plc is because in the lean approach there is a focus on producing only when there is a need to produce, this does mean there is a lower capacity utilisation however this fits in well with the Excess Capacity Policy has the business already is implementing. Some of the techniques that could be used in lean operations for the business could be JIT supply and Total Involvement. JIT supply means just in time supply. This means that you wouldn’t receive materials until you need those materials (Hill, T. 1987). This would be useful in the business because it means there wouldn’t been material they don’t need wasting space in a construction site. For example the wouldn’t need a road tarmaer when the drainage is still 3 days away from being completed not only could it be wasting space it could be in the way of workers increasing the distance from the materials they’re using to the place where they need to use them. If 10 workers had to go an extra 20 seconds out of their way whilst this tarmacer was 3 days early and each worker had to do this trip 40 times a day that adds an extra 400 minutes on their travel overall on the 3 days the tarmacer was there. With JIT supply the tarmacer would arrive on the day it was needed saving the 400 minutes which could have been wasted. Total involvement is when everyone within the business is aware of the lean approach of the business. If everyone is doing it, it would become second nature to abide by the 5S’s of lean operations. These are sort, straighten, shine, standardise and sustain (Muhlemann, A. Oakland, J. Lockyer, K. 1993) Sort means to eliminate what is not needed and to keep whatever is needed in the production of goods. Straighten means to place tools and equipment is such a way that is it easily accessible as lots of time is spent looking for tools that have been misplaced. Shine is to keep things clean and tidy. This could lead to less injuries due to slipping over dirt or waste packaging. Standardise means to keep to a certain level of cleanliness and sustain is to keep to this standardisation throughout each product life cycle. These methods of lean operations keep Kier Group plc near the top of the construction market as they would be less wasteful, operate with lower costs and also could lead to a better workforce from total involvement as everyone would feel they are impacting the businesses performance. References – BIS. (2010). Manufacturing in the UK.An economic analysis of the sector. 1 (1), p11. Evens, James (1993).Applied Production and Operations Management. 4th ed. Eagan, Minnesota: West Publishing Company. p126-127. Fry, Colin., 2014. Interview. 25 March. 18:00 Hill, Terry (1987).Small Business Production/Opertations management. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan education ltd. 147-148. Hill, Terry (1991).Production/Operations Management. 2nd ed. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall Internation (UK) Ltd. p47-49. Kier Construction. (2014).GROUP STRUCTURE.Available: http://www.kier.co.uk/about/group-structure.aspx. Last accessed 22/03/2014. Kier Group. (2013).KINGS CROSS STATION ROOF REFURBISHMENT.Available: http://www.kier.co.uk/case-study/view-all/kings-cross-roof/case-study.aspx. Last accessed 24/03/2014. Kier Group. (2014).COMPANY OVERVIEW.Available: http://www.kier.co.uk/about/company-overview.aspx. Last accessed 20/03/2014. Muhlemann, A. Oakland, J. Lockyer, K (1993).Production and Operations Management. 6th ed. London: Pitman Publishing. p3-395. Northampton Chronicle Echo. (2014).Your questions answered about the new North Gate bus station.Available: http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/news/business/business-news/your-questions-answered-about-the-new-north-gate-bus-station-1-5888441#. Last accessed 23/03/2014. Oxford Dictionary. (2014).industry.Available: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/industry?q=Industry. Last accessed 25/03/2014. Rhodes, Chris. (2013). Construction Industry.Economic Policy and Statistics. 1 (1), p1-3. By Chris FryBUS2010-STD

Can We Really Trust the Media? Essays -- The Media

Can We Really Trust The News Media? Can the people of the United States of America trust their modern news media? Since early colonial days, various forms of news coverage have existed in this country. And for many years now, the reliability of the information delivered by the media has been heavily scrutinized. It seems that this issue is becoming more and more significant in the 21st Century. Ronald Roach, executive editor of DiverseEducation.com and Diverse: Issues in Higher Education magazine, notes that â€Å"more than ever, the American news media are under public scrutiny for the way individual reporters conduct themselves, for how news coverage on major events is carried out and for the balance media organizations purport their news coverage to have† (Roach). Is the media a reliable source of news for the American people? No. The modern media is not a trustworthy source of news and information. Three key for this lack of credibility reasons are as follows: Many in the media industry are more concerned about profit than facts, the modern media usually attempts to cover up their e rrors, and the media possesses a long track record of misrepresenting and falsifying the facts. We will now proceed to examine these three reasons a greater detail. First, today’s news media is not an accurate source of news because many in the media are more concerned about profit than they are about the actual facts. It seems that the news media, along with politicians and others, is becoming less and less concerned about ethical standards, and more dedicated to how much money and power they can obtain. A writer for Issues and Controversies points out that, â€Å"the press's need to attract viewers and readers, and thereby ... ...ntly, and only after his pension was safe. Sunde discerns that â€Å"in his belated statement of resignation, Gartner did not seem fully cognizant of the enormity of his role in the near self-destruction of his once trusted and respected news organization, saying only that he hoped his leaving would ‘take the spotlight off of all of us and enable us to concentrate fully on our business’† (Rob Sunde). Works Cited "Media Bias." Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 28 Dec. 2009. Web. 3 May 2012. Roach, Ronald. Black Issues in Higher Education. 21.11 (July 15, 2004): p20. From General OneFile. Web. May 3. Sunde, Rob. The Quill. 81.3 (Apr. 1993): p10. From General OneFile. Web. May 3. Stoff, Rick. St. Louis Journalism Review. 35.278 (July-August 2005): p11. From General OneFile. Web. May 3.

Trolley Dodgers Case

Executive Summary The Trolley Dodgers was exposed that it had internal control problems existed. The other hand, found that employees embezzlement. The first part of this report identify and explain the characteristics of employee fraud indicated in Dodgers case. such as perpetrator must gains the trust or confidence of the person or company being defrauded. etc And then, the second part is explain the internal control weaknesses and understanding internal control objectives . The third part based on the understanding of the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations ‘internal control. Final part is recommendation for Dodgers internal control problems. Table of Contents Introduction3 Characteristics of the employee fraud in Trolley Dodgers case3 The internal control weaknesses in the Dodgers` payroll system4 The critical evaluation of the internal control problems in the Dodgers` payroll system5 Recommendation for Dodgers internal control problems7 Reference List:9 Introduction In this report, I will be divided into four parts. The first part will cover Identify and explain the characteristics of employee fraud . The second part is explain the internal control weaknesses that were evident in the Dodger’ payroll system . the internal control weaknesses include: no independent check and Dodgers don't have separation of duties, etc. The third part is to understanding the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations ‘ internal control framework to evaluate internal control problems. The COSO's internal control framework have five interrelated components. the five components includes: Control environment ,Control activities, Risk assessment , Information and communication and Monitoring. The final part is recommendation for Dodgers internal control problems. Characteristics of the employee fraud in Trolley Dodgers case Employee fraud is an employee within the company to improperly deceptive means to obtain the company's money or other property. Through understand to Romney and Steinbart for the employee fraud has a number of important characteristics. However, the analysis and interpretation in this case related to employee fraud Characteristics. One basic characteristics of employee fraud is perpetrator must gains the trust or confidence of the person or company being defrauded. In the case mentioned Edward Campos is operations payroll Chief. He is longtime working for the Dodgers . He was known not only for his work ethic but also for his loyalty to the club . However, His boss think Campos was on vacation ,He will came back to company and did the payroll. Dodgers Trusted him. The facts have proved that perpetrators has gained the trust of the company , His behavior is consistent with employee fraud of characteristics . Many employee fraud cases are the characteristics of perpetrators and employers to establish a good relationship of trust. Other case about Bess is cashier supervisor at the campus student health services(SHS)? she is trusted employee? she was able to commit this fraud undetected for nearly 13 years? why? But the answer is simply: Because don’t anyone suspected the SHS cashier supervisor because she was a trusted, well-liked employee. â€Å"Fraud research finds that most members of the general public fit the profile of the typical fraud perpetrator†(Peterson and Gibson 2003). But Dodgers’ case and Bess case similar, so to meet this characteristics of employee fraud. The fraud perpetrators use false or misleading information to obtain asset or money is the fundamental elements of employee fraud. This element is required no use other violent offenders, Other employee fraud is they the hide their tracks by falsifying records or other information (Romney and Steinbart 2009). Because he false wage income of workers, He registered about $ 2000 weekly wage employees. However, the real wages of workers earning $ 7 per hour. His salary more than 55% false. On the other hand, He completely controlled the payroll system for filling out the weekly payroll cards for the employees of the Dodgers. Because, He designed and implemented to payroll and only himself understand full payroll system. Other case admitted to manipulating work samples, falsifying records to cover up its poor performance as a Medicare contractor(Healthcare Financial Management 1998) . Demonstrate through their privileged position to falsifying records is general public fit the profile of the characteristics fraud perpetrator The internal control weaknesses in the Dodgers` payroll system Internal control refers the process implement by the corporate board of directors, managers and other staff, and provide reasonable assurance . The purpose of internal control is to ensure the reliability and accuracy of financial reporting, efficiency of operations, and compliance with laws and regulations. The internal control weakness in the Dodger’s payroll system include: 1. The Trolley Dodgers don't have independent check and performance . Because, Campos controlled the system so completely that he personally filled out the weekly payroll cards for each of the 400 employees of the Dodgers. 2. Trolley Dodgers should have must vacation for senior managers. Because, A management position working in a long time, then he will be more familiar with the internal control vulnerabilities, the possible implementation corruption. 3. The Dodgers don't have separation of duties, Campos is operations payroll chief. He designed and implemented of a new payroll system,. However, this is only himself understanding of all system operations. He was the trusted employee who got trusted too much, However,that Campos took advantage of his authorization. He came back during vacation to do the payroll. On the other hand, Camps routinely inflated the number of hours worked by several employees and then split the resulting overpayments fifty-fifty with those individuals. These employees pay $ 7 per hour, but these employees weekly wage approaching $2000. He did not ensure the integrity of assets and reliability of financial reporting. This information is also proved that the internal control failed to arrived goal of the segregation of duties. Enterprises to integrity and strengthen the internal organization, it is the economic activity of firms for planning, directing and controlling the organizational basis, the core problem is a reasonable segregation of duties. Under normal circumstances, Dealing with each business or the economy in the whole process a few important aspects, Companies need to be up to the two departments or two or more departments, two or more staff for the purpose of mutual control. The critical evaluation of the internal control problems in the Dodgers’ payroll system What is internal control ? Different people have different interpretations. General people to understand the internal control for the organization to reduce work of the decision-making errors and defects in the implementation of the control, These controls may be internal oversight, it may be management manuals, rules and regulations. These theories are not wrong, but not comprehensive. In accordance with the internal control theory, these are only part of the internal control, but not all. Internal control theory suggests that internal control is a systematic framework, It is built on the basis of risk management. The five elements include: Control environment ,Control activities, Risk assessment , Information and communication and Monitoring . (Romney and Steinbart 2009). We call this architecture as Committee of Sponsoring Organisations’ (COSO) internal control framework. The internal control integrated framework has been widely adopted as the principal way to evaluate internal controls. Will through the five elements to evaluate the internal control problems with the Dodgers’ payroll system. The control environment is the establishment, Strengthen or weaken the specific policies, procedures and their impact on the efficiency of the various factors, mainly refers to the major factor. Control environment have a direct impact on the implementation of internal control and execution of business objectives and related to the overall strategic objectives. Control environment, including the values of employees, personnel competence, management's business model, the allocation of rights and responsibilities. In this case have found problem is Trolley Dodgers no reasonable structure and clear division of responsibility approach. Because, Campos is payroll chief. However, Campos completely controlled the payroll system for filling out the weekly payroll cards for the employees of the Dodgers. Therefore, the formation of a single department, resulting in no mutual constraints of the internal control system. The control activates is Instruction is to help executive management policies and procedures. It throughout the organization, at all levels and functions, including a variety of activities such as approvals, authorizations, confirmed that adjustment, business performance evaluation, asset protection and separation of duties. The Trolley Dodgers don't have separation of duties, However,that Campos took advantage of his authorization. He came back during vacation to do the payroll. Risk assessment is to identify and analyze the process of achieving goals related risks, which with the economy, industry, regulatory and operating conditions are constantly changing, the need to establish a mechanism to identify and deal with the corresponding risks. Dodger’s case cannot be any problem in this regard. Information and communication is surrounding the control activities are information and communication. From internal and external information must be a certain format and time interval to confirm the capture and transfer to ensure the company's employees to perform their respective duties. Effective communication is a broad communication, including the enterprise from top to bottom, bottom-up and horizontal communication. Effective communication includes the relevant information with parties outside the enterprise effective communication and exchange, such as customers, suppliers, administration and shareholders. Dodgers does not have very good communication, so senior managers do not understand the financial statements of a problem. Monitoring is the entire business process must be monitored. Through the normal management and control activities and staff activities in the course of his duties to monitor, to evaluate the quality of operation of the system. Evaluation of different steps depending on the scope and implementation of risk assessment and monitoring program effectiveness. By understanding the Dodgers case can determine a great part of this monitoring problem. Dodgers not have normal company monitoring department. Lead to administrator can’t find employee fraud. Recommendation for Dodgers internal control problems Based on understanding of the COSO' internal control framework and the Dodgers facts, I recommend Dodgers to strengthen its internal control system. Internal controls perform three important point, segregation of duties , strengthen the monitoring and Must ensure that the accounting documents and accounting records of the completeness and correctness. All of those three are suitable for Dodgers’ situation. Three proposals are as follows: 1. When these functions are combined in one individual, it is possible to the misappropriation asset and conceal the crime by manipulating the related records ? such as overpayment 55% with those employee. So, When the economic activity of firms for planning, directing and controlling the organizational basis, the core problem is a reasonable segregation of duties. Under normal circumstances, dealing with the whole process of business of each economy, Must two department or more than two departments, two or more two employees take responsibility, its purpose is to restrict each other. Therefore, Separating the incompatible functions of cash recording and cash custody, independent check of cash received and cash deposited, The mandatory vacations with other personnel performing duties during the employee's absence. 2. Dodgers need to strengthen monitoring. However, it is necessary to establish an internal audit department. Internal audit is to strengthen the internal control system is a basic measure. Internal audit responsibilities include the review of accounts, It also includes inspection, evaluation of internal control system is perfect. Through the company's financial report of audit. The audit report submitted to the Board of Directors. Thus ensuring the company's internal control system more perfect. 3. Must ensure that the accounting documents and accounting records of the completeness and correctness. Because in this case found that the perpetrators falsified accounting documents. Conclusion Through the analysis of the Trolley Dodgers’ case, we found internal control have weakness It don't have separation of duties and don't have independent check and performance. Also, Dodgers had internal control issues according to the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations’ (COSO) internal control framework . Analysis of the case of internal control, and finally gives three suggestions. Recommendations include segregation of duties , strengthen the monitoring and Must ensure that the accounting documents and accounting records of the completeness and correctness. Reference List: Book references: Romney, MB & Steinbart, PJ 2009, Accounting information systems, 11th edn, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Academic Journal articles references: Bonita K Peterson and Thomas H Gibson. ‘Student health services: a case of employee fraud’ In Journal of Accounting Education 2003 21(1):61-73 HFM (Healthcare Financial Management); ‘ Illinois Medicare carrier guilty of fraud, agrees to a $144 million settlement. ’ September 98, Vol. 52 Issue 9, p10, 1/4p LIN LIN Trolley Dodgers Case CASE STUDY: THE TROLLEY DODGERS 1. Identify the key audit objectives for a client’s payroll function. Comment on both objectives related to tests of control and those related to tests of control s and those related to substantive audit procedure. The key audit objectives for client’s payroll function in this Trolley Dodgers Case are: i. Occurrence ii. Completeness iii. Accuracy iv. Posting & Summarization v. Classification vi. Timing i. Key Audit Objective : Occurrence Dodgers must recorded payroll payments for existing employees only and should have separation of duties for each task. Test of Control: Examine internal control to see if the payroll payments are for exiting work and existing employees. The test could be examining all the workers time cards, personnel files and review organization chart. They also can discuss with employees and observe duties being performed. The tests would examine printouts of transactions rejected by the computer as having nonexistent employee numbers. Substantive Test of Transactions: The test to see if the right dollar amount in the payrolls were recorded and paid properly. They also test to review large dollar amount in the journal entries, general ledger and payroll earnings. Examine cancelled checks for proper endorsement could be compare with a personnel record. ii. Key Audit Objective : Completeness Dodgers must record all existent payroll transactions. Test of Control: The test is to see if the existing payrolls are recorded. If employees do not get any payment, so they can directly report to the employer. They also test to review the renumbered payroll check to find the missing one. Substantive Test of Transaction: They can compare the book and payroll bank statement. Therefore, they will prove the bank reconciliation and can look for unmatched dollars amount. iii. Key Audit Objective : Accuracy Dodgers recorded payroll transactions are for the amount of time actually worked and at the proper pay rates accuracy. Test of Control: The test is to see if the right hours and right rate are recorded and tax withholding is correct. Batch totals are compared with computer summary reports. Auditors could examine authorization in payroll records and personnel files. Substantive Tests of Transaction: To test for exact dollar amount, auditors could recalculate gross and net pay. They also can compare pay rate with the industry, review cancel check withholdings by referring to tax tables and authorization forms in personnel file. iv. Key Audit Objective: Posting and Summarization. Dodgers recorded payroll transaction properly included in the master file also properly summarized. Test of Control: When payroll master file totals are compared with general ledger totals, auditors should examine initialed summary total reports indicating that comparison has been made. They also must examine indication of internal verification. Substantive Test of Transaction: Test clerical accuracy by footing the payroll journal and tracing postings to the journal ledger and the payroll master files. v. Key Audit Objective : Classification Dodgers classify all payroll transaction properly and efficiently. Test of Control: They should review charts of accounts. If the account classifications are internally verified, then they can examine indication of internal verification. Substantive Test of Transaction: They can review time cards and job ticket, and trace through to labor distribution. They should compare classification with chart of accounts or procedures manual. vi. Key Audit Objective : Timing Dodger must record all payroll transaction immediately, on the correct date and right amount. Test of Control: Auditors should examine procedures manual and observe when recording takes place and examine indication of internal verification. Substantive Test of Transaction: The auditor compare date on checks with date in the payroll journal and compare date on check with date the check cleared the bank. 2. What internal control weaknesses were evident in the Dodgers’ payroll system? Internal control is a process, affected by an entity’s board of director, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in reliability of financial reporting, effectiveness and efficiency of operations and compliance with laws and regulations. Internal control weakness in the Dodgers’ Payroll System are from the design of internal control, no independent check and performance, no separation of duties, the weakness of work environment, and required vacation for senior manager. . Design of internal control Campos, the operations payroll chief have designed the internal control by himself and implemented a new payroll system that only can be fully understand by him. As we know, the purpose of design the internal control is to prevent or detect material misstatement in the financial statement. Due to this case, Campos can easily commit fraud because there are no other people that can understand the design of the internal control. ii. No independent check and performance Campos controlled the system so completely that he personally filled out the weekly payroll card for each of the four hundred employees. He can record any fraudulent statement because there is no evidence that shows whether the record is reliable or not. iii. No separation of duties Campos took advantage of his authorization because he was the trusted employee who got trusted too much from Dodges’. When he was on vacation, he came back and did the payroll. There is no separation of the custody of assets from accounting. A person who has temporary or permanent custody of an asset should not account for that asset. This is because by allowing one person to perform both function increases the risk of that person disposing of the asset for personal gain and adjusting the records to cover up the theft. As we can see in this case, Campos was the only one who responsible for every task. iv. Weakness of the work environment There is collusion between employees and management. This showed that both Campos and his cohort have low work ethic. Campos routinely inflated the number of hours worked by several employees and then split the resulting over payment fifty-fifty with those individuals. In addition to this, Campos also embezzle several hundred thousand dollars from his employer. 3. Identify audit procedure that might have led to the discovery of the fraudulent scheme mastermind by Campos. Audit procedure is the detailed instruction for the collection of a type of audit evidence that is to be obtained at some time during the audit. i. The auditor must understand clearly the flow chart Auditor should go through the Dodger’s payroll flow chart. The auditor must understand clearly the flow chart. From that, the auditor can trace how the payroll system is going on actually. Then, the auditor would see there are no independent checks that have been done by Campos. The payroll department also does not have segregation of duties and all that work is done by Campos only. ii. The auditor can interview employees in payroll department. The auditor can interview employees in payroll department. The auditor can ask whatever question that they think it’s very important and need to know. Like, how much Campos pay for daily operations works for every level of staff, and how Campos manage the time card. The auditor will know more detailed about the payroll process. ii. The auditor test for nonexistent employees For make sure the all transaction that have recorded by Campos and payroll department is really exist and they make payment to the non fictitious employees, the auditor compare names on cancelled checks with the time card have created. The auditor can scan the endorsement on cancelled checks. Furthermore, auditor also can make comparison on personal fi les of employees with time card that created. Other than that, the auditor can run test of control by selected transaction in the payroll with Human Resources department. The auditor can select a week check transaction and examine the first fifty checks, select the fifty checks with the largest amounts, select the checks randomly or select those checks the auditor thinks are most likely to be in error or a combination of this method could be used. Besides that, the auditor request surprise payroll payoff from payroll department. When the auditor requests for payroll payoff suddenly, for sure the payroll department do not chance and do not have enough time to make correction on their system. So, Auditor will see the real transaction that have make by that department. Finally, the uditor can trace the misstatement, fraud and error easily. iv. The auditor tests for fraudulent hours Other than that, the auditor also can reconcile the total hours paid in the payroll records with and independent record of hours worked. Auditor would see, if payroll record transaction is true based on the time card or not. The auditor can trace if the record keeping employee s have intention to do that fraud. v. The auditor compare pay rates with the same positions in other baseball team in the league. The auditor also should understand business nature and make comparison with another similar business nature. From that result, the auditor will know how much is exactly pay rates usually paid to the professional baseball. After done that activity, the auditor is able to identify the pay rates that put by Campos to the every level worker is it relevance or not. vi. The auditor examines the large payroll checks. Last steps, that auditor use to discover the fraud is by examine the largest payroll checks out. The auditor reconciles the checks between the payroll record, time card, and all relevance data. Auditor would see which one fictitious transaction that has been made by Campos.

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